{"id":3064,"date":"2022-06-02T12:03:28","date_gmt":"2022-06-02T10:03:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/le-corbusier-great-master-and-innovator-of-modern-architecture\/"},"modified":"2024-04-06T12:49:18","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T10:49:18","slug":"le-corbusier","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/le-corbusier\/","title":{"rendered":"Le Corbusier, great master and innovator of modern architecture"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; min_height=&#8221;366.5px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Index<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999999;color:#999999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999999;color:#999999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/le-corbusier\/#Introduction_to_Le_Corbusier\" >Introduction to Le Corbusier<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/le-corbusier\/#Biography_extract\" >Biography (extract)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/le-corbusier\/#Political_controversies\" >Political controversies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/le-corbusier\/#Theoretical_contributions_to_architecture\" >Theoretical contributions to architecture<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/le-corbusier\/#La_machine_a_habiter\" >La machine \u00e0 habiter<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/le-corbusier\/#LEsprit_Nouveau\" >L&#8217;Esprit Nouveau<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/le-corbusier\/#The_five_points_of_a_new_architecture\" >The five points of a new architecture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/le-corbusier\/#The_Modulor\" >The Modulor<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/le-corbusier\/#Information_bibliography_and_media\" >Information, bibliography and media:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction_to_Le_Corbusier\"><\/span><b>Introduction to Le Corbusier<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Charles-\u00c9douard Jeanneret-Gris<\/strong>, better known from the 1920\u200b<sup id=\"cite_ref-jsah_1-0\" class=\"reference separada\"><\/sup>as<span> <\/span><strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong><span> <\/span>(La Chaux-de-Fonds,<span> <\/span>Canton of Neuchatel,<span> <\/span>Swiss;<span> <\/span>October 6<span> <\/span>,<span> <\/span>1887-Roquebrune-Cap-Martin,<span> <\/span>Maritime Alps,<span> <\/span>France;<span> <\/span>August 27<span> <\/span>,<span> <\/span>1965), was an<span> <\/span>architect<span> <\/span>and theorist of<span> <\/span>architecture,<span> <\/span>urban planner, painter, sculptor and man of letters<span> <\/span>swiss<span> <\/span>nationalized<span> <\/span>french<span> <\/span>in 1930.<\/p>\n<p>It is considered one of the clearest exponents of<span> <\/span>modern architecture<span> <\/span>(with<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Lloyd_Wright\" title=\"Frank Lloyd Wright\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Frank Lloyd Wright<\/a>,<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oscar_Niemeyer\" title=\"Oscar Niemeyer\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Oscar Niemeyer<\/a>,<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walter_Gropius\" title=\"Walter Gropius\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Walter Gropius<\/a>,<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alvar_Aalto\" title=\"Alvar Aalto\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Alvar Aalto<\/a>,<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Neutra\" title=\"Richard Neutra\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Richard Neutra<\/a>,<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe\" title=\"Ludwig Mies van der Rohe\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe<\/a><span> <\/span>and<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theo_van_Doesburg\" title=\"Theo van Doesburg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Theo van Doesburg<\/a>) and <strong>one of the most influential architects of the 20th century<\/strong>. In addition to being one of the greatest innovators of modern architecture, he was a tireless <strong>cultural agitator<\/strong>, a task he carried out with passion throughout his life. With his writings he earned a well-deserved fame as a polemicist and contributed a veritable wealth of innovative ideas that have made his work decisively influence subsequent architecture.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Le-Corbusier-edificio-Santa-Maria-de-la-Tourette-michal-matlon-ogCW7jwHpLY-unsplash-1920x1277px-scaled.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Le Corbusier-building-Santa-Marie-de-la-Tourette-michal-matlon-ogCW7jwHpLY-unsplash-1920x1277px&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Le Corbusier-building-Santa-Marie-de-la-Tourette-michal-matlon-ogCW7jwHpLY-unsplash-1920x1277px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;2px|auto||auto||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; min_height=&#8221;406.4px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Biography_extract\"><\/span><strong>Biography (extract)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>He was born in 1887, in the town of<span> <\/span>La Chaux-de-Fonds, in the<span> <\/span>francophone Switzerland<span> <\/span>with the name of <strong>Charles \u00c9douard Jeanneret-Gris<\/strong>. At the age of 29, he moved to<span> <\/span>Paris<span> <\/span>where he adopted the pseudonym<span> <\/span><strong><i>Le Corbusier<\/i><\/strong>, humorous variation (since it evokes the word raven) of his maternal grandfather&#8217;s surname: <strong>Lecorb\u00e9sier<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In 1900, <strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> began his apprenticeship as<span> <\/span>engraver<span> <\/span>and chisel at the <strong>La Chaux-de-Fonds School of Art.<\/strong> One of his teachers, <strong>Charles L&#8217;Eplattenier<\/strong>, oriented him towards<span> <\/span>paint<span> <\/span>and then towards architecture. In 1905<span> <\/span>1905<span> <\/span>he designed his first building, the <strong>Villa Fallet<\/strong>, a single-family home for a member of the School of Art.<\/p>\n<p>Already at<span> <\/span>Paris, he worked in the studio of <strong>Auguste Perret<\/strong>, a pioneer architect in the construction technique in<span> <\/span>reinforced concrete. In Germany he worked in the office of<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Behrens\" title=\"Peter Behrens\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Peter Behrens<\/a>, where he coincided with<span> <\/span><strong>Ludwig Mies van der Rohe<\/strong><span> <\/span>and<span> <\/span><strong>Walter Gropius<\/strong>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jsah_1-1\" class=\"reference separada\"><\/sup> He was, for two years, a professor of architecture and decoration at the <strong>Paris School of Art<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In 1920 he edited the magazzine<span> <\/span><strong>L&#8217;Esprit Nouveau<\/strong><span>together with the painter<span> <\/span><strong>Am\u00e9d\u00e9e Ozenfant<\/strong>, a publication where both laid the foundations of <strong>Purismo<\/strong>.<\/span> <i><\/i><\/p>\n<p>In 1922, <strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> began working with his cousin<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Jeanneret\" title=\"Pierre Jeanneret\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Pierre Jeanneret<\/a><span> <\/span>in his architecture office on rue de S\u00e8vres, n association they maintained until 1940<sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference separada\"><\/sup>\u200b and which they would later resume for projects in India.<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference separada\"><\/sup><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Le-Corbusier-capilla-Santa-Maria-du-Haut-Ronchamp-Jana-El-Fahl-1920x1280px.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Le Corbusier-chapel-Santa-Marie-du-Haut-Ronchamp-Jana-El-Fahl-1920x1280px&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Le Corbusier-chapel-Santa-Marie-du-Haut-Ronchamp-Jana-El-Fahl-1920x1280px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><span>In October 1929<\/span> <span><strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> dictated<\/span> in Buenos Aires<span> a cycle of ten conferences, invited by the <strong>Asociaci\u00f3n Amigos del Arte<\/strong>. On this trip he also visited <\/span>R\u00edo de Janeiro<span>, <\/span>Asunci\u00f3n<span> y Montevideo<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> fue un trabajador incansable. He carried out innumerable projects, many of which never came to fruition, but which marked later generations of architects. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>His relationship with the sea was intense, but at the same time fateful and finally lethal. In 1938 he was trapped by a yacht&#8217;s propeller, which left a deep scar on his right leg. In 1952 he built a tiny cabin in <strong>Roquebrune-Cap-Martin<\/strong>, on the <strong>French C\u00f4te d&#8217;Azur<\/strong>, where he spent every summer he could for the rest of his life. He even said about it: <em>&#8220;I have a castle on the C\u00f4te d&#8217;Azur that is 3.66 x 3.66 meters&#8221;.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>On August 27, 1965, disobeying his doctor&#8217;s instructions, <strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> went swimming while on vacation at his cabin in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, on the French Mediterranean. He was found dead by some fishermen, presumably of a heart attack.<\/p>\n<p><span>He was named a full member of the <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Academia_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes_(Argentina)\" title=\"National Academy of Fine Arts (Argentina)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">National Academy of Fine Arts<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Le-Corbusier-Le-cabanon-1952-Flickr-1024x681px.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Le Corbusier-Le-cabanon-1952-Flickr-1024x681px&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Le Corbusier-Le-cabanon-1952-Flickr-1024x681px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Political_controversies\"><\/span><strong>Political controversies<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span><strong>Le Corbusier&#8217;s<\/strong> political views have been quite variable over time. In the 1920s, he co-founded and contributed articles on town planning to the fascist magazines <strong>Plans<\/strong>, <strong>Pr\u00e9lude<\/strong>, and <strong>L&#8217;Homme R\u00e9el<\/strong>. He also wrote articles in favor of the <\/span><strong>anti-Semitism<\/strong> <span><strong>pro-Nazi<\/strong> articles for these magazines, as well as <strong>&#8220;hate editorials.&#8221;<\/strong><\/span> <\/p>\n<p><span>Between 1925 and 1928, <strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> had connections with<\/span> <strong>Le Faisceau<\/strong>, <span>a short-lived French fascist party led by<\/span> Georges Valois.<span>. Later on, <\/span><span>Valois he became anti-fascist. <strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> knew another former Faisceau member<\/span>, <strong>Hubert Lagardelle<\/strong>.<span>, a former trade union leader who had grown disaffected with the political left. In 1934, after Lagardelle had obtained a post at the French embassy in <\/span>Rome<span>, arranged for <strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> to give a lecture on architecture at the invitation of<\/span> <strong>Benito Mussolini<\/strong> <span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span> <strong>Le Corbusier has been accused of anti-Semitism.<\/strong> In writing to his mother in October 1940,<\/span><span> dictates: <em>&#8220;The Jews are having a hard time. From time to time I feel sorry. But it seems that their blind lust for money has rotted the country.<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>He was also accused of disparaging the Muslim population of<\/span> <strong>Algeria<\/strong>, <span>then part of <\/span><strong>France.<\/strong><span>. When <strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> proposed a plan for the reconstruction of <\/span><strong>Argel<\/strong><span>,he condemned the existing housing for European Algerians, complaining that it was inferior to that inhabited by indigenous Algerians: <em>&#8220;the civilized live like rats in holes&#8221;<\/em>, while, <em>&#8220;the barbarians live in solitude, in well-being&#8221;<\/em>. His plan to rebuild <\/span>Algiers <span>was rejected, and later <strong>Le Corbusier avoided politics.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Theoretical_contributions_to_architecture\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Contribuciones_te\u00f3ricas_a_la_arquitectura\">Theoretical contributions to architecture<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong>, in addition to being a great architect and painter, was an eminent architectural theorist. He wrote several books, in which he exemplified his ideas through his own projects. He was very clear that, apart from knowing how to create good buildings, it was necessary to know how to explain them and transmit them to the rest of the professionals and students, and he carried out the task of publicizing his own work with great mastery.<\/p>\n<p>As a visionary, <strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> saw the possibility of changing the world through architecture. Although he never allied himself with a particular political group, his position was closer to a liberal position, and as such, he saw any process of design with<span> <\/span><strong>utopian.<\/strong> This attitude allowed him to contribute in a significant way to the history of architecture.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"La_machine_a_habiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"La_machine_\u00e0_habiter\">La<span> <\/span><i>machine \u00e0 habiter<\/i><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> is known for his definition of housing as the<span> <\/span><strong><i>La machine \u00e0 habiter<\/i><\/strong><span> <\/span>(the<span> <\/span><i>machine to inhabit<\/i><span> <\/span>literally translated). With this, Le Corbusier emphasized not only the functional component of the house, but also that this functionality should be aimed at<span> <\/span><i>live<\/i>, understanding the latter from a point of view<span> <\/span><strong>metaphysical.<\/strong> Le Corbusier believed that the goal of architecture is to generate<span> <\/span><strong>beauty<\/strong><span> <\/span>(Also well known is his phrase: &#8220;Architecture is the wise, correct and magnificent game of volumes brought together under light&#8221;), and that this should have an impact on the way of life of the occupants of the buildings themselves.<\/p>\n<p>Regarding the criterion of &#8220;inhabiting machine&#8221;, Le Corbusier was dazzled by the then new machines: especially automobiles and airplanes, considering those that had practical and functional designs as a model for an architecture whose beauty was based on practicality and functionality. ; the<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racionalismo_arquitect%C3%B3nico\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"architectural rationalism\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">rationalism<\/a>. The first attempt at serial construction is formulated in the project of the<span> <\/span><strong>Citrohan houses<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Le-Corbusier-Casa-Citroan-Wikimedia-Commons-1280x850px.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Le Corbusier-CCitroan-house-Wikimedia Commons-1280x850px&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Le Corbusier-CCitroan-house-Wikimedia Commons-1280x850px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"LEsprit_Nouveau\"><\/span><strong>L&#8217;Esprit Nouveau<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>In order to spread his ideas about architecture and painting, <strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> founded in 1920, together with<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Ozenfant\" title=\"Am\u00e9d\u00e9e Ozenfant\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Am\u00e9d\u00e9e Ozenfan<\/a> <span>and<\/span> <strong>Paul Derm\u00e9e<\/strong><span>, an artistic popularization magazine that obtained great international resonance:<\/span> <i><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%27Esprit_Nouveau\" title=\"L&#039;Esprit Nouveau\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">L&#8217;Esprit Nouveau<\/a>. (<span>although in French the word<\/span> esprit <span>usually also has the meaning of<\/span> conscience <span>,<\/span> reason <span>,<\/span> intelligence)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Published between <span>1920 and 1925,<\/span> it reached 28 copies, with an average of 100 pages and with color images. It was the magazine of the <strong>purist<\/strong> movement. Its scope was international, reaching considerable diffusion in countries such as <strong>Mexico<\/strong>. \u200b<\/p>\n<p>His slogan was: <em>&#8220;There is a new spirit; it is a spirit of construction and synthesis guided by a clear conception.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>In 1923 Le Corbusier published a collection of articles from the magazine in his book<\/span> <strong>Vers Une Architecture<\/strong><span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Le-Corbusier-Cover_esprit_nouveau-nummer_1-560x685px.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Le Corbusier-L&apos;Esprit Nouveau-number-1-500x685px&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Le Corbusier-Cover_esprit_nouveau-number_1-560x685px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_five_points_of_a_new_architecture\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Los_cinco_puntos_de_una_nueva_arquitectura\">The five points of a new architecture<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In 1927 <sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference separada\"><\/sup> <strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> presents a handwritten document where he systematically exposes his architectural ideas: the so-called &#8220;five points of a new architecture&#8221;.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>The ground floor on <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pilotis\" title=\"Pilots\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">pilots<\/a><\/strong>: for Le Corbusier, the ground floor of the house, like the street, belonged to the car, whether for circulation or parking, for this reason the house was raised on stilts to allow the movement of vehicles .<\/li>\n<li><strong>The <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Planta_libre\" title=\"Free floor\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">free floor<\/a><\/strong>: from the independent structure, taking advantage of reinforced concrete technology, it generates a structure of pillars on which slabs rest, in this way the architect decides where to put the enclosures, being independent from one level to another.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The free facade:<\/strong> The structure is delayed with respect to the <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fachada\" title=\"Facade\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">facade<\/a>, freeing it from its structural function and allowing freedom in its composition independent of the structure<span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>The elongated window:<\/strong> The exterior walls are released, and the windows can cover the entire width of the construction, improving the relationship with the exterior and allowing better sunlight for the interior spaces.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The terrace-garden:<\/strong> for Le Corbusier, the area occupied by the house to nature had to be returned in the form of a garden on the roof of the building, converting the space above the house into a usable area for recreation, which would also maintain thermal insulation conditions on the new slabs. of concrete.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>And there is one more element that <strong>Le Corbusier<\/strong> ponders in the new architectural work<span>,<\/span> <em>the architectural &#8216;promenade&#8217;<\/em>: the building must invite to be visited and from that it will be possible to understand it in its entirety.<\/p>\n<p>His architecture turns out to be highly rationalist, refined (with the use of materials without concealing them; note the possible beauty of the refined lines, without decorations, without superfluous elements) and with an excellent use of light, giving a sensation of freedom (at least for gaze displacement) and ease of movement.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Le-Corbusier-Villa-Savoye-Flickr-1024x683px-1.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Le Corbusier-Villa-Savoye-Flickr-1024x683px&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Le Corbusier-Villa-Savoye-Flickr-1024x683px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Modulor\"><\/span>The Modulor<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Devised the<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modulor\" title=\"Modulor\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Modulor,<\/a> system of measurements based on human proportions, in which each magnitude is related to the previous one by the<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N%C3%BAmero_%C3%81ureo\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Golden Number\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Number<\/a>, to serve as a measure of the parts of architecture. In this way he took up the ancient ideal of establishing a direct relationship between the proportions of buildings and those of man.<\/p>\n<p>He took as the scale of the average French man of that time: 1.75 m tall; and later added that of the 6-foot (1.8288 m) British policeman, which gave the <strong>Modulor II<\/strong>. The results of these investigations were published in a book with the same name of the<span> <\/span><strong>Modulor<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Le-Corbusier-se-alza-con-un-glifo-de-hormigon-de-Modulor-Man-630&#215;400-1.webp&#8221; alt=&#8221;Le-Corbusier-stands-with-a-concrete-glyph-by-Modulor-Man-630&#215;400&#8243; title_text=&#8221;Le-Corbusier-stands-with-a-concrete-glyph-by-Modulor-Man-630&#215;400&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;https:\/\/youtu.be\/uI7x2DZo4Vo&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1097\" height=\"617\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uI7x2DZo4Vo\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|5px|5px|5px|5px&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;1px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset2&#8243; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(18,132,92,0.3)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Information_bibliography_and_media\"><\/span>Information, bibliography and media:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>We use our own means and other means with the availability allowed by current legislation and free access to the <strong>World Wide Web<\/strong>. (See <a href=\"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/terms-and-conditions\/\" title=\"Terms and Conditions\">Terms and conditions<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Texts (source):<\/strong> Wikipedia and own.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Images:<\/strong> Commons License (<a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/es\/images\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" title=\"Unsplash\"><strong>Unsplash<\/strong>,<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tags\/im%C3%A1genes%20gratis%20fotos%20gratis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" title=\"Flickr\"><strong>Flickr<\/strong><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" title=\"Wikimedia Commons\"><strong>Wikimedia Commons<\/strong><\/a>) (See Legend in each image)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Videos: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uI7x2DZo4Vo\" title=\"Le Modulor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Arquitectura Abreviada<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n<span class=\"et_bloom_bottom_trigger\"><\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le Corbusier, Swiss architect of world prestige for his revolutionary concepts on architecture and rationalism.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":1865,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[84,44,407],"tags":[379,112],"series":[],"class_list":["post-3064","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-people","category-design","category-reports","tag-architecture","tag-writing","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"nelio_content":{"autoShareEndMode":"never","automationSources":{"useCustomSentences":false,"customSentences":[]},"efiAlt":"Le Corbusier","efiUrl":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Le-Corbusier-768x442px.jpg","followers":[72,90,74],"highlights":[],"isAutoShareEnabled":false,"networkImageIds":[],"permalinkQueryArgs":[],"series":[],"suggestedReferences":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3064","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3064"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3064\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1865"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3064"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3064"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3064"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/encyclobjects.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=3064"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}